Desórdenes hematológicos  asociados a la vacunación contra SARS-CoV-2

Mónica Moraga Cabezas
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Iberoamérica, San José, Costa Rica.

Esteban Zavaleta Monestel
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Iberoamérica, San José, Costa Rica.
Jefatura de Farmacia, Hospital Clínica Bíblica, San José, Costa Rica.

Jonathan García Montero
Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Iberoamérica, San José, Costa Rica.
Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Clínica Bíblica, San José, Costa Rica

Josué Murillo Cubero
Departamento de Farmacología, Toxicología y Farmacodependencia, Universidad de Costa Rica, San José, Costa Rica.

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Resumen

La pandemia de COVID-19 ha impulsado el desarrollo acelerado de vacunas, pero ha revelado eventos adversos, como la trombosis. Esta revisión sistemática analiza la asociación entre las vacunas contra el SARS-CoV-2, causante de la COVID-19 y diversos trastornos hemorrágicos, incluyendo la trombosis del seno venoso cerebral, la trombocitopenia trombótica inmune inducida por vacunas y el síndrome de trombosis con trombocitopenia. Los resultados sugieren una asociación, particularmente con vacunas de vector de adenovirus. Se discute la posible fisiopatología, factores de riesgo y la importancia de la vigilancia post-vacunación. A pesar de estos eventos adversos, los beneficios de la vacunación superan los riesgos, y se enfatiza la necesidad de investigación continua para comprender mejor estos mecanismos y optimizar las estrategias de vacunación.

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Palabras claves

COVID-19, vacunas, trombosis, trombocitopenia, eventos adversos, vigilancia post-vacunación, vacunas ARNm, vacunas de adenovirus.

Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic has accelerated the development of vaccines but has revealed adverse events such as thrombosis. This systematic review analyzes the association between COVID-19 vaccines and various bleeding disorders, including cerebral venous sinus thrombosis, vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia, and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome. The results suggest an association, particularly with adenovirus vector vaccines. The possible pathophysiology, risk factors, and the importance of post-vaccination surveillance are discussed. Despite these adverse events, the benefits of vaccination outweigh the risks, and the need for continued research to better understand these mechanisms and optimize vaccination strategies is emphasized.

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Keywords

COVID-19, vaccines, thrombosis, thrombocytopenia, adverse events, post-vaccination surveillance, mRNA vaccines, adenovirus vector vaccines.

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