El papel de la robótica y la inteligencia artificial en los reemplazos de cadera y rodilla

Bernal González Gutiérrez
Ortopedia y Traumatología, Hospital Clínica Bíblica, San José, Costa Rica.

Dennis Chambi Serrano
Internos de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas, San José, Costa Rica.

Juan Pablo González Agüero
Internos de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas, San José, Costa Rica.

Sandra Caterina Ibañez
Internos de Medicina y Cirugía, Universidad de Ciencias Médicas, San José, Costa Rica.

Adriana Anchía Alfaro
Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Clínica Bíblica, San José, Costa Rica.

Ricardo Quesada Villaseñor
Departamento de Investigación, Hospital Clínica Bíblica, San José, Costa Rica.

Esteban Zavaleta Monestel
Jefatura de Farmacia, Hospital Clínica Bíblica, Costa Rica.

Resumen

El avance en el campo de la inteligencia artificial (IA) ha llevado a su adopción en diversos entornos, incluidos hogares, automóviles y centros médicos. En ortopedia y traumatología, la robótica y la IA han transformado el diagnóstico y tratamiento de trastornos musculoesqueléticos complejos. Tecnologías como la realidad aumentada y mixta mejoran la planificación y ejecución quirúrgica al proporcionar visualización en tiempo real, mientras que sistemas robóticos aumentan la precisión y reducen complicaciones en procedimientos como artroplastías de cadera y rodilla. La IA también optimiza la planificación preoperatoria y la rehabilitación posoperatoria, permitiendo ajustes en el tratamiento y la predicción de complicaciones a través de herramientas avanzadas como sensores y visión artificial. A pesar de los desafíos asociados, como altos costos, la necesidad de capacitación especializada, y preocupaciones éticas y regulatorias en ciberseguridad y privacidad de datos, la futura integración de la IA y la robótica promete personalización y precisión en los tratamientos. Estas innovaciones están revolucionando la medicina ortopédica, abriendo la puerta a procedimientos más efectivos y adaptados a las necesidades individuales de los pacientes.

Palabras claves

Inteligencia artificial, procedimientos ortopédicos, rehabilitación, osteoartritis, prótesis.

Abstract

Advancements in the field of artificial intelligence (AI) have led to its adoption in various environments, including homes, automobiles, and medical centers. In orthopedics and traumatology, robotics and AI have transformed the diagnosis and treatment of complex musculoskeletal disorders. Technologies such as augmented and mixed reality enhance surgical planning and execution by providing real-time visualization, while robotic systems increase precision and reduce complications in procedures such as hip and knee arthroplasties. AI also optimizes preoperative planning and postoperative rehabilitation, allowing for treatment adjustments and the prediction of complications through advanced tools like sensors and computer vision. Despite challenges such as high costs, the need for specialized training, and ethical and regulatory concerns related to cybersecurity and data privacy, the future integration of AI and robotics promises personalization and precision in treatments. These innovations are revolutionizing orthopedic medicine, paving the way for more effective procedures tailored to the individual needs of patients.

Keywords

Artificial intelligence, orthopedic procedures, rehabilitation, osteoarthritis, prostheses.

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